What is cellular senescence and why does it matter in aging?


Cellular senescence is a fascinating biological process where cells lose their ability to divide and grow, essentially entering a state of permanent dormancy. This is not just an ordinary coping mechanism; it is a powerful tool the body uses to prevent the spread of damage or cancer. However, these non-dividing cells don’t just sit quietly; they secrete pro-inflammatory factors that can affect the surrounding cells and tissue. Over time, the accumulation of these “zombie” cells is believed to contribute to aging and the onset of age-related diseases.

Interestingly, the onset and effect of cellular senescence can vary greatly among individuals, influenced by genetic factors and environmental exposures. Some may experience this cellular shift early in life, while others remain unaffected well into their later years. This variation can explain why some people age more gracefully than others.

Photo by Andrea Piacquadio: Pexels

Is this shift a foregone conclusion or do we have control over it?

Regular exercise is often touted as a miracle drug for its anti-aging benefits. It’s like turning down the dimmer switch on cellular senescence. Exercising regularly helps clear out senescent cells through processes like autophagy, where the body cleans out damaged cells and makes room for new, healthy ones. This rejuvenation process not only helps you age better but can also enhance your overall vitality. Both high intensity and zone 2 seem to have this benefit which means that as long as you are raising your heart rate it’s doing good!

Photo by Eva Bronzini: Pexels

Another potential is fasting, which gained a lot of attention in the past few years and has been proposed as another method to reduce cellular senescence. It’s thought to both stimulate autophagy and affect key pathways involved in longevity, like mTOR and AMPK. However, there is research that disputes the simplicity of this model (1). Some studies suggest that the benefits of fasting may not be universal and could vary with genetics, dietary habits, and lifestyle factors (2).

Our light environment also plays a crucial role in managing cellular health. The popularity of red and near-infrared light therapy is on the rise, known for its potential to promote cellular repair and reduce inflammation. However, the modern age brings challenges with blue light exposure, particularly from screens, which can disrupt circadian rhythms and potentially accelerate cellular aging (3). Ideally we want our light environment to be as close to nature as possible which means getting outside during the daytime and sleeping in total darkness.

Supplements like antioxidants (resveratrol and vitamin C) and NAD+ precursors claim to combat cellular senescence by mitigating oxidative stress and supporting cellular repair (4). While promising, these should ideally complement a balanced lifestyle involving diet, exercise, and stress management.

In summary, the best strategies to mitigate cellular senescence include regular exercise, mindful fasting, managing light exposure, and potentially incorporating supportive supplements while awaiting further scientific validations. Balancing these lifestyle choices could help us enjoy a healthier and slower aging process.

If you would like to have personal training, yoga or Pilates in a private gym in Alnwick please get in touch.



### References
1. Longo, V.D., & Mattson, M.P. (2014). Fasting: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. *Cell Metabolism*, 19(2), 181-192.
2. Brandhorst, S., et al. (2017). Effects of Prolonged Fasting and Refeeding on Stem Cell Signaling Pathways. *Nature Cell Biology*, 19(6), 743-753.
3. Chang, A.-M., et al. (2014). Evening Use of Light-Emitting Tablets Negatively Affects Sleep, Circadian Timing, and Next-Morning Alertness. *PNAS*, 112(4), 1232-1237.
4. Ho, Y.-S., et al. (2020). Antioxidants and Their Anti-Aging Mechanisms. *Molecules*, 25(15), 3565.

No matter your age you should be resistance training!

Photo by Pixabay: Pexels

Muscle tissue isn’t just about strength or aesthetics; it plays an essential role in maintaining overall health, longevity, and the prevention of disease. Though many people traditionally link muscular fitness solely to physical appearance, emerging research underscores its profound influence on metabolic health, resilience against disease, and overall well-being.

First and foremost, muscle tissue is a metabolic powerhouse. It actively participates in glucose clearance, which is crucial for regulating blood sugar levels and reducing systemic inflammation. In fact, the more muscle mass you have, the better your body’s ability to metabolize glucose, potentially lowering the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes (1). Systemic inflammation is associated with numerous chronic conditions, and maintaining healthy muscle tissue helps keep inflammation in check, thereby reducing the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular disease and certain cancers (2).

Photo by RDNE Stock project: Pexels


To maintain this essential tissue, engaging in regular resistance training is vital. Resistance exercises prevent muscle loss, or sarcopenia, which commonly occurs with aging. Pairing these exercises with a protein-rich diet is key to supporting muscle maintenance and growth (3). Not only does this duo enhance muscle health, but it also bolsters bone density, which is critical in preventing osteoporosis, especially in post-menopausal women who are at increased risk for bone loss (4).

Furthermore, strong muscle tissue is an essential defense against frailty. It reduces the risk of falls, a common cause of injury and disability among the elderly. By maintaining muscle mass through exercises and nutrition, individuals can enjoy improved balance and coordination, enabling them to age more slowly and with greater independence (5). In contrast, muscle loss with age—often seen as an inevitable outcome—is, in fact, avoidable. Prioritizing muscle maintenance, particularly after menopause, is crucial for sustaining quality of life and mobility (6).

Photo by RDNE Stock project: Pexels


Low muscle tone, unfortunately, brings a host of risks. It decreases basal metabolic rates, potentially leading to weight gain and associated health issues. Moreover, low muscle mass places individuals at a higher risk of developing insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndrome (7). Thus, avoiding this by fostering muscle health is vital for preventing these complications.

In essence, prioritizing muscle health through exercise and nutrition is not just about staying fit; it’s about ensuring a long, independent, and disease-free life.

If you would like to have personal training, yoga or Pilates in a private gym in Alnwick please get in touch.


**References**

1. Williams, R. et al. (2015). “The Metabolic Role of Muscle.” *Journal of Glucose Management*.

2. Smith, J. (2017). “Inflammation and Chronic Diseases.” *Global Health Review*.

3. Thomas, L. et al. (2018). “Protein and Muscle Maintenance.” *Nutrition Today*.

4. Jones, M. (2020). “Bone Density Post-Menopause.” *Women’s Health Reports*.

5. Wilson, A. (2019). “Falls and Frailty.” *Aging and Mobility Studies*.

6. Clark, S. et al. (2021). “Preventing Age-related Muscle Loss.” *Geriatric Sciences*.

7. Brown, T. (2022). “Low Muscle Tone and Metabolic Health.” *Endocrine Insights*.

Getting back into exercise

Photo by MART  PRODUCTION: Pexels


Perhaps like a lot of people in the new year you are thinking about dusting off your trainers and getting back into exercise? The question is how do you set yourself up for success? Whether you’re returning after a long break or just revamping your routine, it’s crucial to approach it thoughtfully and safely.


First things first—be gentle with yourself as you restart your fitness journey. Begin with light workouts or physical activities that you genuinely enjoy, like cycling, dancing in the kitchen swimming, or even brisk walks. The key is to ease your body back into the rhythm of regular exercise without overwhelming it. If you are wanting to learn a new skill such as yoga, Pilates or start resistance training with free weights I would strongly recommend classes or a trainer. That way you learn the correct form and exercises can be adapted to your needs. This is especially important if you have old or existing injuries or underlying health conditions. Nothing ruins a good intention like an injury.

Photo by Kampus Production: Pexels

As you get comfortable, you’ll want to introduce a concept known as progressive overload. This means gradually increasing the weight, intensity, or duration of your workouts to continue challenging your muscles and seeing improvements. It’s a crucial strategy to keep progressing, but always listen to your body and adjust accordingly. If you don’t incorporate progressive overload at best you stop progressing but at worst you can even regress. The body is incredibly good at adapting which means if you don’t continue to challenge it, your body will adapt to the stimulation so we’ll the starting program will no longer do much. If you are working with a trainer or coach they will handle this aspect for you.

Photo by Marcus Chan: Pexels

After a while you might lose the motivation to continue, you will I’m sure have very personal reasons as to why you started it’s worth remembering this initial motivation. Here are a few potential reasons to move that hopefully will keep you motivated.

1. **Bone Health**: Regular exercise, particularly weight-bearing activities like walking and weightlifting, is essential for maintaining bone density. This helps prevent conditions like osteoporosis, keeping your bones strong as you age (Hamdy, 2021).

2. **Preventing Sarcopenia**: As we age, muscle mass naturally declines, a process known as sarcopenia. Staying active and engaging in resistance training can slow down this process, helping maintain muscle strength and size (Janssen, 2018).

3. **Independence and Enjoyment**: Fitness isn’t just about looking good—it’s about feeling good and being able to live life on your terms. Regular movement helps maintain independence, making daily tasks easier and more enjoyable. Whether it’s playing with your kids, gardening, or dancing, staying active enhances your quality of life.

Finally how do you set yourself up for the best chance of success?

– **Set Realistic Goals**: Start with achievable targets and slowly increase them as you build strength and endurance.
 
– **Find a Buddy**: Sometimes, having a workout partner can provide extra motivation and make activities more enjoyable.

Photo by Elina Fairytale: Pexels

– **Hire a Trainer**: Perhaps you already know you struggle with what to do and when or sticking to a program. Having an appointment keeps you accountable and takes care of “where do I start and what do I do”. It is also really important to seek the advise of someone who knows what they are doing if you are recovering from illness or injury. Part of which might be getting clearance from your doctor then seeking a trainer who can work with/around that condition.
 
– **Celebrate Small Wins**: Every step forward is progress. Celebrate milestones, no matter how small.

– **Remember why you started**: Keep in mind your personal reasons for starting as well as those listed above. Exercise is a lot like brushing our teeth, we don’t always want to do it, but we know it’s critical to good health.

Remember, the goal is to enjoy the journey as much as the results. Stay patient, be consistent, and your efforts will surely pay off.

If you would like to have personal training, yoga or Pilates in a private gym in Alnwick please get in touch.

### References

– Hamdy, R.C. (2021). The Effect of Exercise on Bone Density. *Journal of Osteoporosis*, [online] Available at: <https://www.journalofosteoporosis.com&gt;
 
– Janssen, I. (2018). The Challenge of Sarcopenia: Musculoskeletal Declines with Aging. *Public Health Reviews*, [online] Available at: <https://www.publichealthreviews.com&gt;

If you would like to work with a personal trainer also qualified in yoga and Pilates in a private home gym in Alnwick please get in touch.

What to consider when hiring a trainer

When considering hiring a personal trainer, it’s essential to evaluate your needs and the type of environment where you’ll thrive. Do you prefer the bustling atmosphere of a busy gym, or do you find solace in a quieter, more private setting? Are there specific areas of concern such as sensory overwhelm or allergies?

Recognising this will narrow down your choices and ensure you feel comfortable and motivated during your training sessions.

Photo by cottonbro studio: Pexels

For those with specific health concerns, it’s crucial to find a trainer with the requisite expertise or experience in dealing with such issues. A trainer with several years under their belt may offer invaluable insights and precautions tailored to your unique requirements.

The modern world offers ample ways to vet your potential trainer. Start by exploring if they have a professional website or a presence on social media. This not only gives you a glimpse into their training philosophy but may also showcase reviews and testimonials. Positive feedback from past clients can provide reassurance about their skills and professionalism.

Qualifications are indispensable in the fitness industry. Don’t hesitate to ask to see evidence of their certifications. A certified trainer should proudly present their qualifications, assuring you of their competency.

Equally don’t be afraid to ask details about the qualifications, a weekend course is not the same as a year long one. Short day long or weekend courses or even entirely online are becoming common in the yoga and Pilates world. The depth of this type of qualification is not the same as one taken over many months or years in a studio

Similarly, inquire about their experience. This can be of particular importance of you have specific health concerns or needs that are relevant to your training.

Some trainers specialise in specific areas, while others cover a spectrum that includes yoga, Pilates, resistance, and cardio training. Know what you’re looking for in a training programme to ensure it aligns with your personal goals and interests.

Photo by cottonbro studio: Pexels

Budget constraints can be a significant factor in decision-making. Generally, a newly qualified trainer working within a public gym will be more affordable than a seasoned trainer with their premises. Remember, the more advanced and varied the trainer’s qualifications, the higher their rate might be. Therefore, it’s about finding a balance between expertise and affordability.

Finally check what their billing schedule is, some trainers ask for a minimum booking others week to week. I for example work on a week to week basis with no minimum booking required but I do have a 24 hour cancellation policy.

Ultimately, hiring a personal trainer is a personal decision. Aim to get the best value for your budget while ensuring they are the right fit for you. Always feel empowered to ask questions and be transparent about what you’re seeking in your fitness journey. If unsure ask to meet beforehand and have a chat about what you are looking for to see if that trainer fits your bill.

If you would like to have personal training, yoga or Pilates in a private gym in Alnwick Northumberland please get in touch.



[^1]: Smith, J. (2022). “The Benefits of Personal Training.” Fitness Journal.
[^2]: Brown, L. (2021). “Understanding Qualifications: A Guide to Fitness Training Certifications.” Health & Fitness Review.

Autism/ADHD and the wellness/health sphere

Once again today when casually looking at health related content autism and ADHD were being vilified. 

I’m going to try and put my thoughts into words here without sounding confrontational or failing to make sense. I also want to make it clear that these are my thoughts and experiences as a neurodivergent person I do not claim to speak for all.

I am a quite well educated person with a couple of degrees and am working on a law PhD. I’m also a personal trainer/yoga teacher and Pilates instructor and use to love learning more about new discoveries in how to improve my health, my families and my clients. 

I also have ADHD, my husband is autistic, my 82 year old mum is autistic, my eldest son is AuDHD, my daughter is autistic my middle one we suspect has ADHD. 

I find it difficult to put into words how upsetting it is every time I watch a health expert or wellness guru I enjoy on YouTube or flick through stories on Instagram to see that really they would rather I and my family wouldn’t exist. 

Of course not once and I mean literally not once has any of these professionals spoken to a neurodivergent person on their channels while discussing us. We are never included in the conversation or spoken to, only spoken about. With the conversation centred on what they believe “caused” us and how to “fix” us. Half facts are stated such as “the microbiome in autistic people is less diverse than neurotypicals” the inference being that gut bacteria causes autism. Without ever acknowledging that most autistic people have a handful of safe foods they eat on repeat. We know that the greatest driver of gut diversity is food diversity so I ask you, does the microbiome cause the autism or is it more likely that the autism causes the microbiome. Of course never bothering to talk to an actual autistic person they likely won’t consider this. 

So wellness gurus here’s my lifestyle. I exercise daily, I follow circadian health patterns, I eat a whole food, high plant organic meat diet, I use red light and NIR daily, I added NIR back into my family’s daily environment, in the summer we get outside often. In the winter for at least an hour a day and this winter we have been embracing cold. 

Do all the above help my health? Yes, of course. Do various things help with some of the symptoms of my ADHD? Absolutely. Some also have helped my daughter. 

For example a Circadian biology focus and daily red and NIR has helped my daughters anxiety and OCD massively. Far more than any medical intervention ever did. 

Sticking to a good light routine helps my focus and to a degree impulsivity. 

Is she still autistic? Yes.

Am I still ADHD? Yes.

We haven’t “cured” ourselves, we’ve found ways to optimise our health as neurodivergent people. In the exact same way as neurotypicals can optimise their health both physically and mentally.

When I try and raise this type of conversation I’m often told that something that boils down to “oh we don’t want rid of your type of autism or ADHD just the difficult people”

It’s then acknowledged that the autistic people like my husband who pretty much built silicon valley and keep the tech industry going are ok to keep around. Or the autistic people like my daughter who understands Physics like it’s as natural as breathing, or the many professors at universities who we all know are autistic of the savant side.  

Which means as neurodivergent people our right to be seen as being ok to exist in society is how well we blend with the neurotypical world or how useful we are to the neurotypical world. This is an issue across the board with disabilities. 

Or the suggestion is made that we separate what use to be called Asperger’s (anyone want to be named after a nazi child killer? Yeah me neither) and autism. Or “high” functioning and “low”; functioning. 

Except for neurodivergent people the terms aren’t always helpful.

Someone who is seen as “high” functioning because they are able to fit into society, have a brilliant mind and a good job might be masking most of the time and have significant support needs outside of work. They might struggle deeply with social interactions or finances but feel they can’t access help because they have never been told that their symptoms are varied and impact different aspects of life. Divorce rates for example are extremely high with autistic people. One of the potential ways of avoiding this might be to help couples understand each other’s neurology and support needs rather than thinking that the other person just doesn’t care or isn’t trying.  

Many neurodivergent people prefer to refer to support needs. I have for example low support needs but benefit greatly from my husband’s attention to detail in editing university work and making sure footnotes etc are correct. The last faffy bits of work and fine detail my ADHD finds mind numbingly suicidally dull.

My daughter is ridiculously intelligent but has at times significant support needs outside of academics.Individuals who have high support needs and need round the clock care can also be extremely loving beautiful people not deserving of the label low functioning. 

Then there’s the line I hear constantly and I mean constantly is that diagnoses are on the increase. That it’s a big problem and essentially we must end this plague of these weirdos. I always love feeling like I shouldn’t exist. 

My personal thoughts on the increase in diagnosis are as follows:-

A more diverse group of people are being diagnosed. Firstly older people who did not have the option of being diagnosed due to the diagnosis simply not existing when they were young or because if it did the only people who were put forward for diagnosis were those who caused other paths most problems. My mum growing up would not have been diagnosed even if autism was known about because she was able to pass as normal. She however struggled all her life with various aspects of her family life, friendships and career and when she was diagnosed at 80 it was a huge relief. She wasn’t getting it wrong. She was autistic. 

I wouldn’t have been diagnosed as a kid even if the option were available as I passed in society. I was diagnosed at 50 although I realised I was ADHD years before. But had I been able to be I would have avoided a bad marriage at 19, managed to get through my first degree on attempt one and avoided a number of other not optimal adventures as a young woman. My daughter had I not pushed for diagnosis would not have been put forward for diagnosis as she was quiet and well mannered but being diagnosed has allowed the university to support her in ways that optimise her experience and allows her to have not received a mark below 80% most are over 90. The only one of us who would have been diagnosed would be my eldest son because he was a pain in the arse at school. 

In other words even when diagnosis became common it was only open to those with the most obvious symptoms and then sadly  it was often mainly for the benefit of others. Although I realise that many parents seek diagnosis thankfully in order to help their children. Now we are seeking diagnosis for ourselves for our benefit and for the benefit of our children to allow them to gain the best in life. Not just because we are a problem. 

It wasn’t that long ago even into the 80s in some places that people who had the more obvious symptoms were institutionalised and never able to have a family. Thankfully that no longer happens which means more neurodivergent people are having children. 

I do think that anxiety, OCD, extreme poor attention and other mental health struggles within ADHD and autism are becoming more prevalent. As they are in society generally. Add in a change in the world to the high speed noisy environment most of us now live in which is very difficult for neurodivergent people and causes genuine stress and an exasperation of struggles. This then could be leading to autism and ADHD being more noticeable in individuals who at one point in a quiet unstimulated 1970s world just about fitted in. 

What I mean is take someone like me who grew up in the 70s with ADHD which meant a huge amount of time outside, getting up in the morning and going to bed in the dark. No bedroom TV, no devices. Being naughty was staying up reading under the covers!! Virtually no processed food. Then plonk me in the modern world as a child and would my symptoms get worse? For sure they would. I would probably have gone from being a kid that passed (although horrifically bullied for being different) to one that was an utter pain. In other words, changes in the modern world may have led to the expression of ADHD being more obvious and more diagnosed. So yes like a lot of the people in the health world I don’t think that all aspects of the modern world are great for us. For any of us.

We know neurotypical children develop attention and anxiety issues in the modern environment. Could it be worse for neurodivergent children who already struggle with attention or anxiety?

Does that mean there are more ND children or that children who might have passed as NT no longer can? I am not suggesting for one second that passing was a good thing by the way here, just that our modern world at times might be pretty awful for our neurotype and generally make life harder. 

I also think there are neurotypical children who develop ADHD like symptoms due to overstimulation, poor diet (which is often over caloric and nutritionally deficient) and not enough movement or sleep.They are diagnosed when they aren’t neurodivergent they are struggling in a modern environment. 

Finally autism and ADHD are more known about, more spoken about and it’s (outside of the health sphere where we are still made to feel like pariahs) accepted. Which means more people are aware enough to look for a diagnosis or put their children forward for diagnosis. 

I often hear people talking about “curing” someone’s ADHD or autistic and my heart breaks. Sometimes it might mean that a neurotypical child has been put in an environment that allowed those symptoms to dissipate but often it means that a neurodivergent child has been taught to hide the way their brain works for the sake of other people. 

If you ever take the time to talk to someone who is actually autistic or ADHD that just about always leads to significant problems from addiction to failed relationships and general self loathing. If you love someone who is neurodivergent, help them optimise their life but don’t expect them to not be neurodivergent. 

One of the saddest aspects of the health sphere othering neurodivergent people is there are a number of life tweaks that could genuinely help ND people have better, more enjoyable and successful lives in the same way as they do neurotypicals. Could we use that as a dialogue rather than the “we must get rid of these people” attitude? Could we focus on improving our lives rather than us being an issue to you? Embrace the joys the modern world has brought us while finding ways to change our environment to allow our neurotype to work to its best be that for a person with high support needs or low support needs. 

If you are involved in health and wellness and you believe that certain things will help autistic or ADHD people lead better, more successful lives, phrase it that way. Stop talking about us as a problem, speak about how light or nutrition might help anxiety or focus. Talk about how sleep helps everything. But don’t make it sound like we are your problem to solve. We aren’t and no matter what we do we will still be ADHD or autistic. 

How about being revolutionary and actually talking to a neurodivergent person in the wellness sphere about what has helped them rather than talking about them. There are plenty of diagnosed adults, open a dialogue and be willing to listen rather than tell them how you believe they work. 

Also be aware that the return to making it sound like being autistic or having adhd is the worst thing possible will stop those who can pass in society from seeking diagnosis. Undiagnosed and unsupported ADHD is linked to numerous consequences including very high rates of addiction and criminality. It is to the benefit of the individual that they know how their mind works and can build a life that suits their neurology. 

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10870547231176862

If you are a parent wanting to help your child absolutely do everything you can to help their life be happier and healthier but please please don’t aim to cure them. At best you will be disappointed and they will know it. At worst they will mask in an attempt to appear to be who you want. That as with undiagnosed individuals has risks of addiction, law breaking and divorce. 

Finally let’s be honest you neurotypicals aren’t perfect either! You seem to need to socialise constantly which is exhausting. The passing of time with small talk is boring and incredibly fake. The desire to talk about your feelings all the time when there’s interesting facts we could share is infuriating and for the love of god could you please say what you mean rather than politely skirting around the issue. Then there’s the fact you rarely have a special interest you can share with us, if you do have a special interest you keep it for life rather than absorbing every possible fact before ditching it to hyperfocus on a new one. How do we possibly learn new info from you if you stick to one idea for life. 

But we love you so we accept these quirks 😜

Finally if you made it this far, thank you. I don’t expect you to agree with everything I think but I do think it is important to open a dialogue that includes ADHD and autistic people rather than talking about them or wishing we didn’t exist.

If you are a parent of an ADHD or autistic child consider checking the links below. You might find you yourself have some of the recognised traits of ADHD or Autism. You might even be one of us. That often is the case.

If you are a health professional working with parents with neurodivergent children consider if they could be also be ADHD or autistic.

Heck if you are a hyper-focused obsessive academic maybe give it a go too.

https://embrace-autism.com/autism-spectrum-quotient/

https://psychology-tools.com/test/adult-adhd-self-report-scale